{"id":792,"date":"2025-01-22T17:40:50","date_gmt":"2025-01-22T17:40:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/?post_type=biomarker-solutions&#038;p=792"},"modified":"2025-06-01T13:40:26","modified_gmt":"2025-06-01T13:40:26","slug":"chronic-respiratory-diseases-copd-and-asthma","status":"publish","type":"biomarker-solution","link":"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/biomarker-solution\/respiratory\/chronic-respiratory-diseases-copd-and-asthma\/","title":{"rendered":"Chronic Respiratory Diseases (COPD and Asthma)"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"two-column group white bg-white\">\n        <!-- \n        initialize dynamic classes\n        bg-grey\n        bg-dark\n        lg:flex-row-reverse\n        lg:flex-row\n        -->\n   <div class=\"inner items-center lg:p-8 xl:p-10 p-5 max-w-[1440px] mx-auto flex gap-4 lg:gap-8 xl:gap-10 flex-col lg:flex-row\">\n        <article class=\"flex flex-col justify-between flex-1 text-column lg:py-8 xl:py-10\">\n            <div class=\"\">\n                <div>\n                                    <h2 class=\"mb-4 font-bold xl:mb-8 title text-m-title-lg xl:text-d-title-md group-[.white]:text-navy group-[.grey]:text-navy group-[.dark]:text-fontlight\">Biomarkers in chronic respiratory diseases<\/h2>\n                 \n\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wysiwyg mb-8 xl:mb-0 body-text group-[.white]:text-blue group-[.grey]:text-blue group-[.dark]:text-fontlightbody\">\n                    <p>Chronic respiratory disease is a collective term for diseases affecting the airways and other structures of the lungs. These diseases are major contributors to global mortality and the overall burden on health. Some of the most common types are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and pulmonary hypertension, diseases which all exhibits various subtypes.<\/p>\n<p>Characteristics of these diseases are the changes to the lung tissue and the inflammatory microenvironment, leading to both lung tissue destruction and the deposition of excess proteins in the wrong location.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"mb-1 small-title group-[.white]:text-blue group-[.grey]:text-blue group-[.dark]:text-fontlightbody\">Did you know?<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wysiwyg mb-8 xl:mb-0 body-text group-[.white]:text-blue group-[.grey]:text-blue group-[.dark]:text-fontlightbody\">\n<div class=\"blog-item\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid container-master\">\n<div class=\"block block-mb-negative block-imgs-fg block-grid block-theme-blue block-v-sm text-left fancyfake-item\">\n<div class=\"row mx-0\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-lg-6 px-0\">\n<div class=\"block-content\">\n<p>Nordic Bioscience develops <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/technology\/nordic-proteinfingerprint-technology\/\">non-invasive blood-based biomarkers<\/a> which can be used as tools to quantify these key pathological changes in the lung. These biomarkers can help us understand the complex molecular pathways that lead to chronic respiratory disease and promote personalized treatment options.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"mt-8 mb-4 xl:mb-8 links\">\n                        <h3 class=\"mb-2 text-blue group-[.dark]:text-fontlight text-body-sm\">Publications<\/h3>\n                        <ul class=\"flex flex-wrap gap-2\">\n                                                                                                 <li>\n                                        <a class=\"inline-block transition ease-out duration-100 px-[6px] py-1 group-[.dark]:bg-[#434343] group-[.dark]:text-fontlight text-body-sm bg-border rounded-sm text-blue xl:hover:bg-petroleum xl:hover:text-fontlight group-[.dark]:xl:hover:bg-petroleum group-[.dark]:xl:hover:text-fontlight\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/publication\/?search=%22COPD%22\" target=\"_blank\">COPD<\/a>\n                                    <\/li>\n                                                                                                                                 <li>\n                                        <a class=\"inline-block transition ease-out duration-100 px-[6px] py-1 group-[.dark]:bg-[#434343] group-[.dark]:text-fontlight text-body-sm bg-border rounded-sm text-blue xl:hover:bg-petroleum xl:hover:text-fontlight group-[.dark]:xl:hover:bg-petroleum group-[.dark]:xl:hover:text-fontlight\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/publication\/?search=%22asthma%22\" target=\"_blank\">Asthma<\/a>\n                                    <\/li>\n                                                                                                                                 <li>\n                                        <a class=\"inline-block transition ease-out duration-100 px-[6px] py-1 group-[.dark]:bg-[#434343] group-[.dark]:text-fontlight text-body-sm bg-border rounded-sm text-blue xl:hover:bg-petroleum xl:hover:text-fontlight group-[.dark]:xl:hover:bg-petroleum group-[.dark]:xl:hover:text-fontlight\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/publication\/?search=%22IPF%22\" target=\"_blank\">IPF<\/a>\n                                    <\/li>\n                                                                                                                                 <li>\n                                        <a class=\"inline-block transition ease-out duration-100 px-[6px] py-1 group-[.dark]:bg-[#434343] group-[.dark]:text-fontlight text-body-sm bg-border rounded-sm text-blue xl:hover:bg-petroleum xl:hover:text-fontlight group-[.dark]:xl:hover:bg-petroleum group-[.dark]:xl:hover:text-fontlight\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/publication\/?search=%22covid%22\" target=\"\">Covid-19<\/a>\n                                    <\/li>\n                                                                                    <\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"flex flex-wrap gap-6 xl:mt-8 group dark-button\">\n                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/biomarker-portfolio\/therapeutic-area\/respiratory-diseases\/\" class=\"group button fill flex items-center font-poppins px-6 py-4 gap-2 transition ease-out duration-200 \n            bg-buttonfill \n            xl:hover:bg-petroleum \n            xl:hover:border-petroleum \n            group-[.dark-button]:text-fontdark \n            group-[.light-button]:text-fontlight\n            xl:group-[.dark-button]:hover:text-fontlight\n            border-2 border-turquoise border-solid rounded-full\n            xl:hover:[&#038;_svg_path]:fill-fontlight\n            group\/button\n            \" target=\"\">\n            Explore our respiratory biomarker portfolio            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                <path class=\"group-[.dark-button]:fill-fontdark group-[.light-button]:fill-fontlight xl:group-hover\/button:!fill-fontlight xl:group-hover\/subtlebutton:!fill-turquoise transition ease-out duration-200\" d=\"M8.0026 2.66699L7.0626 3.60699L10.7826 7.33366L2.66927 7.33366L2.66927 8.66699L10.7826 8.66699L7.05594 12.387L8.0026 13.3337L13.3359 8.00033L8.0026 2.66699Z\" fill=\"#F8F8F8\"\/>\n            <\/svg>\n            <!--group\/button-->\n        <\/a>\n                                                                            <\/div>\n                        <\/article>\n        <figure class=\"flex-1 rounded-md -order-1 xl:order-none  xl:rounded-xl overflow-clip media-column shadow-main\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"object-cover min-h-full aspect-square\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/lung-hero-webp.webp\" alt=\"\">\n        <\/figure>   \n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"one-column-block bg-grey py-10\">\n<div class=\"inner xl:p-10 xl:pt-20 xl:pb-20 lg:p-8 p-5 max-w-[1440px] mx-auto\">\n\n        <div class=\"max-w-[900px] mx-auto wysiwyg\">\n            <h2 class=\"mb-4 font-bold xl:mb-8 title text-m-title-lg xl:text-d-title-md group-[.white]:text-navy group-[.grey]:text-navy group-[.dark]:text-fontlight\">Biomarkers for subtyping of chronic respiratory diseases<\/h2>\n            <p>Chronic respiratory diseases such as COPD are highly heterogeneous and the traditional \u201cone size fits all\u201d treatment approach has largely failed. However, by stratifying patients based on subtypes using biomarkers, there is a potential to enhance the success rate in clinical trials by recruiting patients with the greatest likelihood of treatment response.<\/p>\n<p>Subtyping can be based on the identification of relevant molecular pathways that may be suitable for specific treatment modalities, or by predicting disease progression that may accelerate the initiation of appropriate treatment options. An example of the latter is shown in Figure 1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/subtyping-chronic-respiratory-diseases-nordic-bioscience-scaled.webp\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-797\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/subtyping-chronic-respiratory-diseases-nordic-bioscience-scaled.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1137\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/subtyping-chronic-respiratory-diseases-nordic-bioscience-scaled.webp 2560w, https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/subtyping-chronic-respiratory-diseases-nordic-bioscience-300x133.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/subtyping-chronic-respiratory-diseases-nordic-bioscience-1024x455.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/subtyping-chronic-respiratory-diseases-nordic-bioscience-768x341.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/subtyping-chronic-respiratory-diseases-nordic-bioscience-1536x682.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/subtyping-chronic-respiratory-diseases-nordic-bioscience-2048x910.webp 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/a><em><strong>Figure 1.\u00a0<\/strong>Subtyping chronic respiratory diseases<\/em><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\n<section class=\"two-column group white bg-white\">\n        <!-- \n        initialize dynamic classes\n        bg-grey\n        bg-dark\n        lg:flex-row-reverse\n        lg:flex-row\n        -->\n   <div class=\"inner items-center lg:p-8 xl:p-10 p-5 max-w-[1440px] mx-auto flex gap-4 lg:gap-8 xl:gap-10 flex-col lg:flex-row\">\n        <article class=\"flex flex-col justify-between flex-1 text-column lg:py-8 xl:py-10\">\n            <div class=\"\">\n                <div>\n                                    <h2 class=\"mb-4 font-bold xl:mb-8 title text-m-title-lg xl:text-d-title-md group-[.white]:text-navy group-[.grey]:text-navy group-[.dark]:text-fontlight\">Identification of COPD endotypes<\/h2>\n                 \n\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wysiwyg mb-8 xl:mb-0 body-text group-[.white]:text-blue group-[.grey]:text-blue group-[.dark]:text-fontlightbody\">\n                    <div class=\"blog-item\">\n<div class=\"container-fluid container-master\">\n<div class=\"block block-mb-negative block-imgs-fg block-grid block-theme-blue block-v-sm text-left fancyfake-item\">\n<div class=\"row mx-0\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-lg-6 px-0\">\n<div class=\"block-content\">\n<p>COPD is the third leading cause of death worldwide with a growing healthcare burden due to the aging population and continued exposure to risk factors. Currently, there are no treatments available to modify the lung tissue changes and halt the decline in lung function for COPD patients.<\/p>\n<p>Recent advances in drug development can be attributed to the inclusion of specific patient subsets in clinical trials, enabling the demonstration of treatment efficacy in individuals with shared molecular pathways that drive the disease. This highlights the importance of identifying clinically treatable COPD endotypes to bring novel treatment options to patients.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>At Nordic Bioscience, we aim to characterize COPD better and use data-driven approaches to identify novel treatable endotypes. This has the potential of improving the efficacy of clinical trials and aid in the discovery of targeted treatments. We take advantage of our access to large, well-characterized cohorts and\u00a0our unique biomarkers\u00a0that are non-invasive tools for investigating causal molecular pathways leading to lung tissue destruction.<\/p>\n                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"flex flex-wrap gap-6 xl:mt-8 group dark-button\">\n                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/biomarker-portfolio\/therapeutic-area\/respiratory-diseases\/biomarker-panel\/copd\/\" class=\"group button fill flex items-center font-poppins px-6 py-4 gap-2 transition ease-out duration-200 \n            bg-buttonfill \n            xl:hover:bg-petroleum \n            xl:hover:border-petroleum \n            group-[.dark-button]:text-fontdark \n            group-[.light-button]:text-fontlight\n            xl:group-[.dark-button]:hover:text-fontlight\n            border-2 border-turquoise border-solid rounded-full\n            xl:hover:[&#038;_svg_path]:fill-fontlight\n            group\/button\n            \" target=\"\">\n            Browse our unique COPD biomarkers            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                <path class=\"group-[.dark-button]:fill-fontdark group-[.light-button]:fill-fontlight xl:group-hover\/button:!fill-fontlight xl:group-hover\/subtlebutton:!fill-turquoise transition ease-out duration-200\" d=\"M8.0026 2.66699L7.0626 3.60699L10.7826 7.33366L2.66927 7.33366L2.66927 8.66699L10.7826 8.66699L7.05594 12.387L8.0026 13.3337L13.3359 8.00033L8.0026 2.66699Z\" fill=\"#F8F8F8\"\/>\n            <\/svg>\n            <!--group\/button-->\n        <\/a>\n                                                                            <\/div>\n                        <\/article>\n        <figure class=\"flex-1 rounded-md -order-1 xl:order-none  xl:rounded-xl overflow-clip media-column shadow-main\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"object-cover min-h-full aspect-square\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/asthma-block-side-64a7d8f556d87.webp\" alt=\"\">\n        <\/figure>   \n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"one-column-block bg-grey py-10\">\n<div class=\"inner xl:p-10 xl:pt-20 xl:pb-20 lg:p-8 p-5 max-w-[1440px] mx-auto\">\n\n        <div class=\"max-w-[900px] mx-auto wysiwyg\">\n            <h2 class=\"mb-4 font-bold xl:mb-8 title text-m-title-lg xl:text-d-title-md group-[.white]:text-navy group-[.grey]:text-navy group-[.dark]:text-fontlight\">Nordic ProteinFingerPrint Technology\u2122 Biomarkers for COPD<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/technology\/nordic-proteinfingerprint-technology\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2167\">Nordic ProteinFingerPrint Technology\u2122<\/a>\u00a0biomarkers for COPD reflect lung tissue destruction, elastin degradation, inflammatory cell profile, blood clotting, and small airway fibrosis. We have demonstrated three key features of these biomarkers in COPD patients:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2013 Biomarkers can differentiate the mechanisms that lead to airflow limitation.<\/strong>\u00a0In Figure 2A we show that COPD patients with emphysema have the highest levels of the biomarker <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/biomarker-portfolio\/el-ne\/\">EL-NE<\/a> which quantifies neutrophil elastase-mediated elastin degradation<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28103932\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2013 Biomarkers are directly associated with disease activity.<\/strong>\u00a0In Figure 2B we show an example of a biomarker of basement membrane destruction,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/biomarker\/c4m\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"biomarker\" data-id=\"957\">C4M<\/a>, that rise significantly during an acute exacerbation of COPD. When the patients are clinically stable again at follow-up, the biomarker levels drop to the original baseline value<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29966667\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2<\/a>]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><strong>\u2013 Biomarkers are prognostic for mortality outcome.<\/strong>\u00a0In Figure 2C, COPD patients with high baseline levels of the tissue formation biomarker\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/biomarker\/pro-c6\/\" data-type=\"biomarker\" data-id=\"1137\">nordicPRO-C6\u2122<\/a>\u00a0(PRO-C6; Q4) have a higher risk of mortality compared to those with lower levels (Q1-Q3)<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27716343\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3<\/a>]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:image {\"id\":795,\"scale\":\"cover\",\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"media\",\"align\":\"center\"} --><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/copd-biomarkers-nordic-bioscience4-scaled.webp\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"417\" class=\"wp-image-795 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/copd-biomarkers-nordic-bioscience4-1024x417.webp\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/copd-biomarkers-nordic-bioscience4-1024x417.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/copd-biomarkers-nordic-bioscience4-300x122.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/copd-biomarkers-nordic-bioscience4-768x313.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/copd-biomarkers-nordic-bioscience4-1536x626.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/copd-biomarkers-nordic-bioscience4-2048x835.webp 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Figure 2A, B, C.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Nordic Bioscience\u00a0biomarkers&#8217; key features in COPD<br \/>\n<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\n<section class=\"call-to-action\">\n        <!-- \n        initialize dynamic classes\n        bg-greybg\n        bg-dark\n        xl:flex-row-reverse\n        xl:flex-row\n        -->\n   <div class=\"inner xl:p-10 lg:p-8 p-5 max-w-[1440px] mx-auto flex gap-4 xl:gap-10 flex-col\">\n        <article style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/lila-2-webp-1024x682.webp)\" class=\"bg-cover shadow-main flex overflow-clip flex-col justify-between px-5 py-10 rounded-md bg-gray-600 xl:p-40 text-column xl:rounded-xl after:content-[''] after:block after:inset-0 relative after:absolute after:bg-gradient-to-b from-black\/0 to-black\">\n            <div class=\"max-w-[900px] mx-auto relative z-10\">\n                <div class=\"text-center text-balance\">\n                     \n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"mb-8 text-center !text-fontlight\/90 body-text text-balance\">\n                                            <\/div>\n                    \n                    \n                    <div class=\"flex flex-col items-center w-full gap-4 md:gap-6 xl:mt-8 xl:flex-row xl:justify-center group light-button\">\n                                                                                    <div class=\"w-full text-center md:w-auto\">\n\n                                            <a href=\"mailto:bd@nordicbioscience.com?subject=General%20Inquiry\" class=\"group button fill flex items-center font-poppins px-6 py-4 gap-2 transition ease-out duration-200 \n            bg-buttonfill \n            xl:hover:bg-petroleum \n            xl:hover:border-petroleum \n            group-[.dark-button]:text-fontdark \n            group-[.light-button]:text-fontlight\n            xl:group-[.dark-button]:hover:text-fontlight\n            border-2 border-turquoise border-solid rounded-full\n            xl:hover:[&#038;_svg_path]:fill-fontlight\n            group\/button\n            \" target=\"\">\n            Interested to learn more? Reach out!            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                <path class=\"group-[.dark-button]:fill-fontdark group-[.light-button]:fill-fontlight xl:group-hover\/button:!fill-fontlight xl:group-hover\/subtlebutton:!fill-turquoise transition ease-out duration-200\" d=\"M8.0026 2.66699L7.0626 3.60699L10.7826 7.33366L2.66927 7.33366L2.66927 8.66699L10.7826 8.66699L7.05594 12.387L8.0026 13.3337L13.3359 8.00033L8.0026 2.66699Z\" fill=\"#F8F8F8\"\/>\n            <\/svg>\n            <!--group\/button-->\n        <\/a>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                    <\/article>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"one-column-block bg-grey py-10\">\n<div class=\"inner xl:p-10 xl:pt-20 xl:pb-20 lg:p-8 p-5 max-w-[1440px] mx-auto\">\n\n        <div class=\"max-w-[900px] mx-auto wysiwyg\">\n            <h2 class=\"mb-4 font-bold xl:mb-8 title text-m-title-lg xl:text-d-title-md group-[.white]:text-navy group-[.grey]:text-navy group-[.dark]:text-fontlight\">Nordic ProteinFingerPrint Technology\u2122 Biomarkers for COPD<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"has-text-align-left\">Asthma is characterized by airway constriction, chronic inflammation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. It is common practice in the asthma field to treat patients based on their underlying molecular features such as asthma driven by type 2 inflammation. Chronic inflammation results in the destruction of the lung tissue and the asthma severity may be monitored by biomarkers (Figure 3A)<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35418159\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">4<\/a>]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">Changes to the basement membrane are a well-known characteristic of the asthmatic lung. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/biomarker\/c4ma3\/\" data-type=\"biomarker\" data-id=\"998\">C4Ma3<\/a>\u00a0biomarker quantifies the degradation of the alveolar basement membrane and has been shown to be a valuable biomarker for asthma. For example,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/biomarker\/c4ma3\/\" data-type=\"biomarker\" data-id=\"998\">C4Ma3<\/a>\u00a0is associated with eosinophilic inflammation (Figure 3B) and high baseline levels of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/biomarker\/c4ma3\/\" data-type=\"biomarker\" data-id=\"998\">C4Ma3<\/a>\u00a0predicted response to an anti-IgE treatment in patients with allergic asthma (Figure3C)<sup>[<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34326188\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5<\/a>]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:image {\"id\":793,\"scale\":\"cover\",\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"media\",\"align\":\"center\"} --><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/asthma-biomarkers-nordic-bioscience-scaled.webp\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"389\" class=\"wp-image-793 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/asthma-biomarkers-nordic-bioscience-1024x389.webp\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/asthma-biomarkers-nordic-bioscience-1024x389.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/asthma-biomarkers-nordic-bioscience-300x114.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/asthma-biomarkers-nordic-bioscience-768x292.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/asthma-biomarkers-nordic-bioscience-1536x584.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.nordicbioscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/asthma-biomarkers-nordic-bioscience-2048x779.webp 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Figure 3 A, B, C.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Nordic Bioscience\u00a0biomarkers&#8217; key features in COPD<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\n<section class=\"accordion-block\">\n    <div class=\"inner xl:p-10 lg:p-8 lg:pb-0 xl:pb-0 p-5 pb-0 max-w-[1440px] mx-auto\">\n        <div>\n                    <h2 class=\"mb-4 font-bold xl:mb-8 title text-m-title-lg xl:text-d-title-lg text-navy\">About chronic respiratory diseases<\/h2>\n         \n        <\/div>\n            <ul class=\"accordion\">\n                            <!-- Accordion Item -->\n                <li>\n                    <button data-index=\"1\" \n                            class=\"flex items-center justify-between w-full py-5 font-bold text-m-title-sm xl:text-d-title-sm accordion-button text-navy\">\n                        <span class=\"text-start\">What is COPD?<\/span>\n                        <span id=\"icon-1\" class=\"transition-transform duration-300 text-turquoise\">\n                            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" class=\"w-4 h-4 xl:w-6 xl:h-6\">\n                                <path d=\"M8.75 3.75a.75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0v3.5h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5h3.5v3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0v-3.5h3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5h-3.5v-3.5Z\" \/>\n                            <\/svg>\n                        <\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                    <div id=\"content-1\" class=\"overflow-hidden transition-all duration-300 ease-in-out accordion-content max-h-0\">\n                        <div class=\"pb-5 text-sm max-w-[600px] text-blue\">\n                            <p>COPD stands for\u00a0Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease\u00a0and is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by restricted airflow that mainly affects middle-aged or elderly adults who smoke. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a progressive disease that results in symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, and mucus production. Restricted airflow is caused by a mixture of obstructive bronchitis and fibrosis in the small airways and the destruction of the lung parenchyma, leading to emphysema.<\/p>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                            <!-- Accordion Item -->\n                <li>\n                    <button data-index=\"2\" \n                            class=\"flex items-center justify-between w-full py-5 font-bold text-m-title-sm xl:text-d-title-sm accordion-button text-navy\">\n                        <span class=\"text-start\">How many people have COPD?<\/span>\n                        <span id=\"icon-2\" class=\"transition-transform duration-300 text-turquoise\">\n                            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" class=\"w-4 h-4 xl:w-6 xl:h-6\">\n                                <path d=\"M8.75 3.75a.75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0v3.5h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5h3.5v3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0v-3.5h3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5h-3.5v-3.5Z\" \/>\n                            <\/svg>\n                        <\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                    <div id=\"content-2\" class=\"overflow-hidden transition-all duration-300 ease-in-out accordion-content max-h-0\">\n                        <div class=\"pb-5 text-sm max-w-[600px] text-blue\">\n                            <p>COPD is an underdiagnosed disease with a prevalence of 251 million cases worldwide. With 3.2 million deaths in 2015, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused 5% of all deaths worldwide, making it the third leading cause of death. Tobacco smoke is the main cause of COPD, but other important risk factors include indoor and outdoor air pollution and workplace dust or fumes.<\/p>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                            <!-- Accordion Item -->\n                <li>\n                    <button data-index=\"3\" \n                            class=\"flex items-center justify-between w-full py-5 font-bold text-m-title-sm xl:text-d-title-sm accordion-button text-navy\">\n                        <span class=\"text-start\">How is COPD diagnosed and treated?<\/span>\n                        <span id=\"icon-3\" class=\"transition-transform duration-300 text-turquoise\">\n                            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" class=\"w-4 h-4 xl:w-6 xl:h-6\">\n                                <path d=\"M8.75 3.75a.75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0v3.5h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5h3.5v3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0v-3.5h3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5h-3.5v-3.5Z\" \/>\n                            <\/svg>\n                        <\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                    <div id=\"content-3\" class=\"overflow-hidden transition-all duration-300 ease-in-out accordion-content max-h-0\">\n                        <div class=\"pb-5 text-sm max-w-[600px] text-blue\">\n                            <p>There is no cure for COPD, but bronchodilators are the most common type of treatment to improve lung function and relieve symptoms temporarily. The treatment regimen is based on symptoms, lung function and risk of exacerbations.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Current diagnosis is based on spirometry with a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)\/forced vital capacity (FVC) value below 0.7 after bronchodilation. This confirms persistent airflow limitation and, together with symptoms, leads to a diagnosis.<\/p>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                            <!-- Accordion Item -->\n                <li>\n                    <button data-index=\"4\" \n                            class=\"flex items-center justify-between w-full py-5 font-bold text-m-title-sm xl:text-d-title-sm accordion-button text-navy\">\n                        <span class=\"text-start\">How can biomarkers improve COPD treatment?<\/span>\n                        <span id=\"icon-4\" class=\"transition-transform duration-300 text-turquoise\">\n                            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" class=\"w-4 h-4 xl:w-6 xl:h-6\">\n                                <path d=\"M8.75 3.75a.75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0v3.5h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5h3.5v3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0v-3.5h3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5h-3.5v-3.5Z\" \/>\n                            <\/svg>\n                        <\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                    <div id=\"content-4\" class=\"overflow-hidden transition-all duration-300 ease-in-out accordion-content max-h-0\">\n                        <div class=\"pb-5 text-sm max-w-[600px] text-blue\">\n                            <p data-start=\"459\" data-end=\"798\">Biomarkers can identify distinct COPD endotypes based on underlying molecular pathways, such as elastin degradation or fibrotic remodeling. This allows for targeted therapies and helps enroll the right patients in clinical trials, improving treatment outcomes and accelerating drug development.<\/p>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                            <!-- Accordion Item -->\n                <li>\n                    <button data-index=\"5\" \n                            class=\"flex items-center justify-between w-full py-5 font-bold text-m-title-sm xl:text-d-title-sm accordion-button text-navy\">\n                        <span class=\"text-start\">Why is subtyping important in chronic respiratory diseases?<\/span>\n                        <span id=\"icon-5\" class=\"transition-transform duration-300 text-turquoise\">\n                            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"currentColor\" class=\"w-4 h-4 xl:w-6 xl:h-6\">\n                                <path d=\"M8.75 3.75a.75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0v3.5h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5h3.5v3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0v-3.5h3.5a.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5h-3.5v-3.5Z\" \/>\n                            <\/svg>\n                        <\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                    <div id=\"content-5\" class=\"overflow-hidden transition-all duration-300 ease-in-out accordion-content max-h-0\">\n                        <div class=\"pb-5 text-sm max-w-[600px] text-blue\">\n                            <p data-start=\"800\" data-end=\"1116\">Respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD are highly heterogeneous. Biomarkers allow for molecular subtyping\u2014identifying which patients have specific types of inflammation or tissue remodeling\u2014so treatment can be tailored to those most likely to benefit.<\/p>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n    \n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"two-column group white bg-white\">\n        <!-- \n        initialize dynamic classes\n        bg-greybg\n        bg-dark\n        xl:flex-row-reverse\n        xl:flex-row\n        -->\n   <div class=\"inner xl:p-10 lg:p-8 p-5 max-w-[1440px] mx-auto flex gap-4 xl:gap-10 flex-col xl:flex-row-reverse\">\n        <article class=\"flex flex-col justify-between flex-1 text-column\">\n            <div class=\"\">\n                <div>\n                                    <h2 class=\"mb-4 font-bold xl:mb-8 title 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